Twenty-five countries supplied Israel with crude oil and refined petroleum throughout its two-year genocide in Gaza, a new report has revealed.
An updated report by Oil Change International tracked a total of 323 shipments from 25 countries carrying nearly 21.2 million tonnes of crude oil and refined products to Israel between November 1 2023 and 1 October 2025.
Of those shipments, 171 carried 17.9 million tonnes of crude, with 70 percent of it from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.
Azeri crude is funnelled from Azerbaijan to Turkey via the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline.
The report noted that, while Turkey is listed as the country of origin for Azeri crude shipments as the BTC pipeline terminates in Ceyhan, all of the crude that travels through it is identified as “Azeri BTC”.
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Similarly, Kazakh crude exported through the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) to the Russian Black Sea coast near Novorossiysk is listed as originating in Russia.
Shipments were also recorded from the African continent, as well as four tracked from Brazil.
While data suggests that Brazilian crude oil shipments to Israel ground to a halt in 2025, Brazil’s National Federation of Oil Workers says they may have been redirected to foreign refineries, mostly in Italy.
The sharp drop in Brazil’s exports to Israel has coincided with a surge in deliveries to the Sarroch refinery in Sardinia, along with a rise in refined products exported from the refinery to Israel.
The report also found that 17 countries sent 152 shipments of nearly 3.3 million tonnes of refined petroleum products to Israel in the same period, with 45 percent of shipments coming from Russia.
It also noted that the US sent nine shipments carrying 360,000 tonnes of JP-8 – a jet fuel blend used for military aircraft – as well as two shipments of diesel from Valero’s Bill Greehey Refinery in Corpus Christi, Texas.
Dr Irene Pietropaoli, who published a legal opinion on the Obligations of Third States and Corporations to Prevent and Punish Genocide in Gaza, said in a statement that, in light of the interim order issued by the International Court of Justice (ICJ), states “must consider that their military or other assistance to Israel’s military operations in Gaza may put them at a risk of being complicit in genocide under the Genocide Convention”.
The legal opinion questioned whether continued fuel exports to Israel contravene states’ obligations to comply with the ICJ’s interim order, which requires them “to prevent and to punish genocide”.
In September 2025, the UN’s Independent International Commission called on member states to “cease the transfer of arms and other equipment or items, including jet fuel, to the State of Israel or third States where there is reason to suspect their use in military operations that have involved or could involve the commission of genocide”.